THE HISTORY OF WOMEN AND SCIENCE, HEALTH, AND TECHNOLOGY:
A BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO THE PROFESSIONS AND THE DISCIPLINES

Gynecology & Traditional Practice of Obstetrics (1720-1815)

ID: GLSHW-4.4.1
 
Gynecology & Traditional Practice of Obstetrics (1720-1815)
 
This section covers the history of women as patients of gynecologists and
obstetricians, the history of those professions, and biographies of prominent
male practitioners. How menstruation, menopause, and female illnesses were
treated and surgery performed on women are also addressed. For additional
citations on birth control and women's experiences in childbirth, see the next
section, REPRODUCTION.
 
 1720     Abbott, Devon Irene. "Medicine for the Rosebuds: Health Care at the
Cherokee Female Seminary, 1876-1909." AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURE AND RESEARCH
JOURNAL 12 (1988): 59-71.
 
 1721     Antler, Joyce, and Fox, Daniel M. "The Movement Toward a Safe
Maternity: Physician Accountablility in New York City, 1915-1940." BULLETIN OF
THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 50, no.4 (Winter 1976): 569-595. Repr. in SICKNESS AND
HEALTH IN AMERICA, pp.490-506. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt & Ronald L.
Numbers. 2nd ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
 
 1722     Arney, William R. POWER AND THE PROFESSION OF OBSTETRICS. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1983.
 
 1723     Axelsen, Diana E. "Women as Victims of Medical Experimentation: J.
Marion Sims' Surgery on Slave Women, 1845-1850." SAGE 2, no.2 (Fall 1985):
10-13.
 
 1724     Barker-Benfield, Ben. "Sexual Surgery in Late-Nineteenth-Century
America." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 5, no.2 (1975): 279-298.
 
 1725     Beardsley, Edward H. "Race as a Factor in Health." New York: Garland,
1990. WOMEN, HEALTH, AND MEDICINE IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL HANDBOOK, ed. by
Rima D. Apple, pp.121-140.
 
 1726     Bell, Susan E. "Changing Ideas: the Medicalization of Menopause."
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 24 (1987): 535-42.
 
 1727     Borst, Charlotte G. "The Professionalization of Obstetrics:
Childbirth Becomes A Medical Specialty." In WOMEN, HEALTH, AND MEDICINE IN
AMERICA: A HISTORICAL HANDBOOK, ed. by Rima D. Apple, pp.197-216. New York:
Garland, 1990.
 
 1728     Bullough, Vern L. "Female Physiology, Technology, and Women's
Liberation." In DYNAMOS AND VIRGINS REVISITED: WOMEN AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
IN HISTORY, ed. by Martha Moore Trescott, pp.236-251. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow,
1979.
 
 1729     Bullough, Vern L. "Technology and Female Sexuality and Physiology:
Some Implications." JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 16 (1980): 59-71.
 
 1730     Bullough, Vern L., and Voght, Martha. "Women, Menstruation, and
Nineteenth Century Medicine." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 47, no.1
(January/February 1973): 66-82. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA:
HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.28-37. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison:
University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. Also repr. in SEX, SOCIETY, AND HISTORY, a
collection of pieces by Vern L. Bullough. New York: Science History
Publications, 1976.
 
 1731     Cianfrani, Theodore. A SHORT HISTORY OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY.
Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1960.
 
 1732     Corea, Gena. THE HIDDEN MALPRACTICE: HOW AMERICAN MEDICINE TREATS
WOMEN AS PATIENTS AND PROFESSIONALS. New York: Morrow, 1977.
 
 1733     Dally, Ann. WOMEN UNDER THE KNIFE: A HISTORY OF SURGERY. New York:
Routledge, 1992. Traces the development of surgery through experiments on
women.
 
 1734     Delancy, Janice, Lupton, Mary Jane, and Toth, Emily. THE CURSE: A
CULTURAL HISTORY OF MENSTRUATION. New York: New American Library, 1976. Rev.
ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
 
 1735     Dorsey, Carolyn A. "Despite Poor Health: Olivia Davidson Washington's
Story." SAGE 2, no.2 (Fall 1985): 69-72. Olivia Davidson Washington, Booker T.
Washington's second wife, died of tuberculosis in 1889. A short history of her
illness is accompanied by a letter and her hospital record.
 
 1736     Drachman, Virginia G. "Gynecological Instruments and Surgical
Decisions at a Hospital in Late Nineteenth-Century America." JOURNAL OF
AMERICAN CULTURE 3 (Winter 1980): 660-672.
 
 1737     Drachman, Virginia G. "The Loomis Trial: Social Mores and Obstetrics
in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." In HEALTH CARE IN AMERICA: ESSAYS IN SOCIAL
HISTORY, ed. by Susan Reverby & David Rosner, pp.67-83. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, 1979. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL
READINGS, pp.166-174. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1984.
 
 1738     Duden, Barbara. "History Beneath the Skin." MICHIGAN QUARTERLY REVIEW
30 (Winter 1991): 174-190.
 
 1739     Duden, Barbara, and Dunlap, Thomas, trans. THE WOMAN BENEATH THE
SKIN: A DOCTOR'S PATIENTS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1991. From the diary of Johannes Pelargius Storch of
Eisenach, Germany.
 
 1740     Eccles, Audrey. OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY IN TUDOR AND STUART
ENGLAND. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1982.
 
 1741     Findley, Palmer. PRIESTS OF LUCINA: THE STORY OF OBSTETRICS. Boston:
Little, Brown, 1939.
 
 1742     Formanek, Ruth, ed. THE MEANINGS OF MENOPAUSE: HISTORICAL, MEDICAL,
AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990. Includes
"Continuity and Change and `the Change of Life': Premodern Views of the
Menopause," by Ruth Formanek, and contributions by Ursula K. LeGuin, Susan E.
Bell, Helena Harris, and others.
 
 1743     French, Valerie. "Midwives and Maternity Care in the Greco-Roman
World." HELIOS 13, no.2 (Fall 1986): 69-84. In special issue, "Rescuing Creusa:
New Methodological Approaches to Women in Antiquity."
 
 1744     Gelbart, Nina. "Mme du Coudray's Manual for Midwives: The Politics of
Enlightenment Obstetrics." PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN
SOCIETY FOR FRENCH HISTORY 16 (1989): 389-396.
 
 1745     Gibbons, Russell W. "Forgotten Parameters of General Practice: The
Chiropractic Obstetrician." CHIROPRACTIC HISTORY 2, no.1 (1982): 27-33.
 
 1746     Gortvay, Gyorgy, and Zoltan, Imre. SEMMELWEIS: HIS LIFE AND WORK.
Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1968.
 
 1747     Green, Monica. "Women's Medical Practice and Health Care in Medieval
Europe." SIGNS 14, no.2 (Winter 1989): 434-473. Repr. in SISTERS AND WORKERS IN
THE MIDDLE AGES. Ed. by J. Bennet et al. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1989.
 
 1748     Haller, John S. "Trends in American Gynecology, 1800-1910: A Short
History." NEW YORK STATE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 89 (1989): 278-282.
 
 1749     Hansen, Bert. "Medical Education in New York City in 1866-1867: A
Student's Notebook of Professor Charles A. Budd's Lectures on Obstetrics at New
York University." NEW YORK STATE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 85 (1985): 488-97, 548-59.
 
 1750     Hanson, Ann Ellis. "Continuity and Change: Three Case Studies in
Hippocratic Gynecological Therapy and Theory." In WOMEN'S HISTORY AND ANCIENT
HISTORY, ed. Sarah B. Pomeroy, pp.73-110. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press, 1991.
 
 1751     Harris, Seale. WOMAN'S SURGEON: THE STORY OF J. MARION SIMS. New
York: Macmillan, 1950.
 
 1752     Harsin, Jill. "Syphilis, Wives, and Physicians: Medical Ethics and
the Family in Late Nineteenth-Century France." FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES 16,
no.1 (1989): 72-95.
 
 1753     Hurwitz, B., and Richardson, R. "Inspector General James Barry, M.D.:
Putting the Woman in Her Place." BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 298 (1989): 299-305.
 
 1754     Ineson, A. "Women's Work and Women's Health in the Munitions Industry
in World War I." SOCIETY FOR THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE BULLETIN no.36
(1985): 44-47.
 
 1755     James, Barbara. "Ten Years of Women's Health, 1982-1992." FEMINIST
REVIEW 41 (Summer 1992): 37-51.
 
 1756     Jameson, Edwin Milton. GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS. New York: Hoeber,
1936.
 
 1757     Johnstone, Robert William. WILLIAM SMELLIE: THE MASTER OF BRITISH
MIDWIFERY. Edinburgh: Livingston, 1952.
 
 1758     Kelly, Emerson C. "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis." MEDICAL CLASSICS 5,
no.5 (January 1941): 341-347. Short bibliography of works by and about
Semmelweis. Followed by complete translation of THE ETIOLOGY, THE CONCEPT, AND
THE PROPHYLAXIS OF CHILDBIRTH FEVER, pp.350-773. See also Murphy, below.
 
 1759     King, Helen. "Sacrificial Blood: The Role of Amnion in Ancient
Gynecology." HELIOS 13, no.2 (1986): 117-126.
 
 1760     Leavitt, Judith Walzer. "The Growth of Medical Authority: Technology
and Morals in Turn-of-the-Century Obstetrics." MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTERLY
1, no.3 (1987): 230-255.
 
 1761     Leavitt, Judith Walzer. "Joseph B. DeLee and the Practice of
Preventive Obstetrics." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 78, no.10 (1988):
1353-1359.
 
 1762     Longo, Lawrence D. "Electrotherapy in Gynecology: The American
Experience." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 60, no.3 (Fall 1986): 343-366.
 
 1763     Longo, Lawrence D. "The Rise and Fall of Battey's Operation: A
Fashion in Surgery." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 53, no.2 (Summer
1979): 244-267. Bilateral ovariotomy for neurosis, menstrual disorders, etc.
Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.270-284. Ed. by
Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.
 
 1764     Maines, Rachel. "Socially Camouflaged Technologies: The Case of the
Electromagnetic Vibrator." IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE MAGAZINE 8, no.2 (June
1989): 3-11.
 
 1765     McGregor, Deborah Kuhn. "Female Disorders and 19th-Century Medicine:
The Case of Vesico-Vaginal Fistula." CADUCEUS: A MUSEUM QUARTERLY FOR THE
HEALTH SCIENCES 3, no.1 (1987): 1-31.
 
 1766     McGregor, Deborah Kuhn. SEXUAL SURGERY AND THE ORIGINS OF GYNECOLOGY:
J. MARION SIMS, HIS HOSPITAL, AND HIS PATIENTS. New York: Garland, 1990.
Biography of the "father of gynecology."
 
 1767     Mitchinson, Wendy. "Gynecological Operations on Insane Women: London,
Ontario, 1895-1901." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 15 (Spring 1982): 467-484.
 
 1768     Mitchinson, Wendy. "Gynecological Operations on the Insane."
ARCHIVARIA 10 (1980): 125-144.
 
 1769     Mitchinson, Wendy. "Historical Attitudes Toward Women and
Childbirth." ATLANTIS 4, no.2, part 2 (Spring 1979): 13-34. Focus on Canada.
 
 1770     Mitchinson, Wendy. "A Medical Debate in Nineteenth Century English
Canada: Ovariotomies." HISTOIRE SOCIALE/SOCIAL HISTORY 17 (May 1984): 133-147.
 
 1771     Mitchinson, Wendy. THE NATURE OF THEIR BODIES: WOMEN AND THEIR
DOCTORS IN VICTORIAN CANADA. Toronto; Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press,
1991.
 
 1772     Morantz, Regina Markell, and Zschoche, Sue. "Professionalism,
Feminism, and Gender Roles: A Comparative Study of Nineteenth-Century Medical
Therapeutics." JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY 67, no.3 (December 1980): 568-588.
 
 1773     Moscucci, Ornella. THE SCIENCE OF WOMAN: GYNAECOLOGY AND GENDER IN
ENGLAND, 1800-1929. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Embraces women
in science, the scientific construction of gender, and the interplay of race,
class, and culture with the concept of nature itself.
 
 1774     Munro Kerr, J.M., Johnstone, R.W., and Phillips, Miles H. HISTORICAL
REVIEW OF BRITISH OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, 1800-1950. Edinburgh: E. & S.
Livingstone, 1954.
 
 1775     Murphy, Frank P. "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865): An Annotated
Bibliography." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 20, no.5 (December 1946):
653-707. See also Kelly, above.
 
 1776     Ojanuga, Durrenda. "The Medical Ethics of the `Father of
Gynaecology,' Dr. J. Marion Sims." JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 19 (March 1993):
28-31. Sims used female slaves as research subjects.
 
 1777     Poovey, Mary. "`Scenes of an Indelicate Character': The Medical
`Treatment' of Victorian Women." REPRESENTATIONS 14 (Spring 1986): 137-168. On
the use of anesthesia. Repr. in THE MAKING OF THE MODERN BODY: SEXUALITY AND
SOCIETY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Ed. by Catherine Gallagher and Thomas
Laqueur. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
 
 1778     Ricci, James V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GYNAECOLOGICAL SURGERY AND
INSTRUMENTS: FROM THE HIPPOCRATIC AGE TO THE ANTISEPTIC PERIOD. Philadelphia:
Blakiston, 1949.
 
 1779     Ricci, James V. GENEALOGY OF GYNAECOLOGY: HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF GYNAECOLOGY THROUGHOUT THE AGES. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1950. 2nd ed.
 
 1780     Rittenhouse, C. Amanda. THE EMERGENCE OF PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: THE
SOCIAL HISTORY OF A WOMEN'S HEALTH "PROBLEM". 1989.
 
 1781     Rowland, Beryl. MEDIEVAL WOMAN'S GUIDE TO HEALTH: THE FIRST ENGLISH
GYNAECOLOGICAL HANDBOOK. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1981.
 
 1782     Roy, Judith M. "Surgical Gynecology." In WOMEN, HEALTH, AND MEDICINE
IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL HANDBOOK, ed. by Rima D. Apple, pp.173-195. New York:
Garland, 1990.
 
 1783     Sanders-Goebel, Pamela. "Crisis and Controversy: Historical Patterns
in Breast Cancer Surgery." CANADIAN BULLETIN OF MEDICAL HISTORY/ BULLETIN
CANADIEN D'HISTOIRE DE LA MEDECINE 8 (1991): 77-90.
 
 1784     Savage, Gail. "`The Wilful Communication of a Loathsome Disease':
Marital Conflict and Venereal Disease in Victorian England." VICTORIAN STUDIES
34 (1990): 35-54.
 
 1785     Savage, Wendy. "The Management of Obstetric Pain." In THE HISTORY OF
THE MANAGEMENT OF PAIN, FROM EARLY PRINCIPLES TO PRESENT PRACTICE, ed. Ronald
D. Mann. Carnforth, England: Parthenon, 1988.
 
 1786     Schaffner, William, et al. "Maternal Mortality in Michigan: An
Epidemiological Analysis, 1950-1971." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 67,
no.9 (September 1977): 821-829.
 
 1787     Scull, Andrew T., and Favreau, Diane. "`A Chance to Cut is a Chance
to Cure': Sexual Surgery for Psychosis in Three Nineteenth Century Societies."
RESEARCH IN LAW, DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL 8 (1986): 3-39.
 
 1788     Scull, Andrew T., and Favreau, Diane. "The Clitoridectomy Craze."
SOCIAL RESEARCH 53, no.2 (1986): 243-260. On 19th century British gynecologist
Isaac Baker Brown who believed that clitoridectomy cured hysteria and nervous
complaints.
 
 1789     Scully, Diana. MEN WHO CONTROL WOMEN'S HEALTH: THE MISEDUCATION OF
OBSTETRICIAN-GYNECOLOGISTS. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1980. Chapter II, "Baby
Catchers and Uterus Snatchers," reviews the history of ob/gyn in the United
States.
 
 1790     Semmelweis, Ignac Fulop; trans. and ed. by K. Codell Carter. THE
ETIOLOGY, CONCEPT, AND PROPHYLAXIS OF CHILDBED FEVER. Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1983. Originally published in 1861.
 
 1791     Shapiro, Sam, Schlesinger, Edward R., and Nesbitt, Robert E.L., Jr.
INFANT, PERINATAL, MATERNAL, AND CHILDHOOD MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968.
 
 1792     Sheehan, Elizabeth. "Victorian Clitoridectomy: Isaac Baker Brown and
His Harmless Operative Procedure." FEMINIST ISSUES 5, no.1 (Spring 1985):
39-53.
 
 1793     Shepherd, John. LAWSON TAIT: REBELLIOUS SURGEON. Lawrence, KS:
Coronado Press, 1980. Biography of a leading nineteenth-century gynecologist.
 
 1794     Shorter, Edward. WOMEN'S BODIES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF WOMEN'S
ENCOUNTER WITH HEALTH, ILL-HEALTH, AND MEDICINE. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction, 1991. Repr., originally published as A HISTORY OF WOMEN'S BODIES.
New York: Basic Books, 1982.
 
 1795     Shorter, Edward. "Women's Diseases Before 1900." In NEW DIRECTIONS IN
PSYCHOHISTORY, ed. by Mel Albin, with the assistance of Robert J. Devlin and
Gerald Heegan, pp.183-208. Lexington, MA: Heath, 1980.
 
 1796     Siddel, A. Clair. "Bloodletting in American Obstetric Practice,
1800-1945." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 54 (Spring 1980): 101-110.
 
 1797     Sims, James Marion. THE STORY OF MY LIFE. New York: Appleton, 1884;
New York: Da Capo, 1968.
 
 1798     Sinclair, William J. SEMMELWEIS: HIS LIFE AND DOCTRINE. Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1909. Biographer Sinclair was Professor of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manchester.
 
 1799     Slaughter, Frank G. IMMORTAL MAGYAR: SEMMELWEIS, CONQUEROR OF
CHILDBED FEVER. New York: Henry Schuman, 1950.
 
 1800     Smart, Judith. "Feminists, Labour Women, and Venereal Disease in
Early Twentieth Century Melbourne." AUSTRALIAN FEMINIST STUDIES 15 (Autumn
1992): 25-40.
 
 1801     Smith, Hilda. "Gynecology and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century
England." In LIBERATING WOMEN'S HISTORY, ed. by Berenice A. Carroll, pp.97-114.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976.
 
 1802     Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of
Femininity in Nineteenth Century America." FEMINIST STUDIES 1, no.3/4
(Winter/Spring 1973): 58-72. Repr. in CLIO'S CONSCIOUSNESS RAISED, pp.23-37.
Ed. by Mary Hartman and Lois Banner. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Also repr.
in DISORDERLY CONDUCT: VISIONS OF GENDER IN VICTORIAN AMERICA, pp.182-196. By
Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
 
 1803     Soranus, of Ephesus; ed. by Miriam F. Drabkin and Israel E. Drabkin.
CAELIUS AURELIANUS GYNAECIA: FRAGMENTS OF A LATIN VERSION OF SORANUS' GYNAECIA
FROM A THIRTEENTH CENTURY MANUSCRIPT. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1951.
 
 1804     Speert, Harold. ICONOGRAPHICA GYNIATRICA: A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF
GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS. Philadelphia: Davis, 1973.
 
 1805     Speert, Harold. OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGIC MILESTONES. New York:
Macmillan, 1958.
 
 1806     Speert, Harold. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY IN AMERICA: A HISTORY.
Chicago: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1980.
Illustrations; bibliography
 
 1807     Stage, Sarah. FEMALE COMPLAINTS: LYDIA PINKHAM AND THE BUSINESS OF
WOMEN'S MEDICINE. New York: Norton, 1979.
 
 1808     Summey, Pamela S., and Hurst, Marsha. "Ob/Gyn on the Rise: The
Evolution of Professional Ideology in the Twentieth Century." Part I: WOMEN AND
HEALTH 11, no.1 (Spring 1986): 133-146; Part II: WOMEN AND HEALTH 11, no.2
(Summer 1986): 103-122.
 
 1809     Thoms, Herbert. CLASSICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY.
Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1935.
 
 1810     Thoms, Herbert. OUR OBSTETRIC HERITAGE: THE STORY OF A SAFE
CHILDBIRTH. Hamden, CT: Shoestring, 1960.
 
 1811     Vertinsky, Patricia A. "God, Science and the Market Place: The Bases
for Exercise Prescriptions for Females in Nineteenth Century North America."
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF SPORT 17, no.1 (1986): 38-44.
 
 1812     Vertinsky, Patricia A. "Of No Use Without Health: Late Nineteenth
Century Medical Prescriptions for Female Exercise Through the Life Span." WOMEN
& HEALTH 14, no.1 (1988): 89-115.
 
 1813     "William Smellie (1697-1763) -- Intuitive Teacher of Obstetrics."
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 187, no.2 (January 11, 1964):
146-147.
 
 1814     Williams, J. Whitridge. "A Criticism of Certain Tendencies in
American Obstetrics." NEW YORK STATE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 22, no.11 (November
1922): 493-499. States opposition to prophylactic forceps intervention.
 
 1815     Williams, Perry. "The Laws of Health: Women, Medicine and Sanitary
Reform, 1850-1890." In SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY,
1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.60-88. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell,
1991.

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Content of Bibliography last updated in 1993.
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