ID: GLSHW-2.5.1 Scientific Views of Women, A - L (213-309) Most of the entries in this section chart the portrayals of women historically by the disciplines of biology and medicine. Many focus on the debates over the nature of Woman, her sexuality and psyche. Some deal with perceived "female maladies" including hysteria, depression and other nervous disorders, and the magical powers and mystique assigned to female organs and physiology. Other entries examine the attitude toward women expressed in advertisements in medical journals and in advice manuals directed towards women, and the portrayal of women scientists in popular magazines. For feminist critiques of these views, see the following section, FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF SCIENCE. 213 Allen, Prudence. THE CONCEPT OF WOMAN: THE ARISTOTELIAN REVOLUTION, 750 B.C.-A.D. 1250. Montreal: Eden Press, 1985. 214 Andreski, Stanislav. "The Syphilitic Shock: A New Explanation of the `Great Witch Craze' of the 16th and 17th Centuries in the Light of Medicine and Psychiatry." ENCOUNTER 58, no.5 (1982): 7-26. 215 Aubert, Jean-Jacques. "Threatened Wombs: Aspects of Ancient Uterine Magic." GREEK, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE STUDIES 30 (Autumn 1989): 421-449. 216 Barker-Benfield, Ben. "The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality." FEMINIST STUDIES 1, no.1 (Summer 1972): 45-74. 217 Barker-Benfield, G. J. THE HORRORS OF THE HALF-KNOWN LIFE: MALE ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN AND SEXUALITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. 218 Barker-Benfield, G. J. "Mary Wollstonecraft's Depression and Diagnosis: The Relation Between Sensibility and Women's Susceptibility to Nervous Disorders." PSYCHOHISTORY REVIEW 13, no.4 (1985): 15-31. 219 Barker-Benfield, G.J. "`Mother Emancipator': The Meaning of Jane Addams' Sickness and Cure." JOURNAL OF FAMILY HISTORY 4 (Winter 1979): 395-420. 220 Battersby, Christine. "Genius and `The Female Sex' in the 18th Century." STUDIES ON VOLTAIRE AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 264 (1989): 909-912. 221 Bauer, Carol, and Ritt, Lawrence. "`The Little Health of Ladies,' An Anatomy of Female Invalidism in the Nineteenth Century." JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION 36 (1981): 300-306. 222 Birken, Lawrence. CONSUMING DESIRE: SEXUAL SCIENCE AND THE EMERGENCE OF A CULTURE OF ABUNDANCE, 1871-1914. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988. Investigates why sexology emerged at the turn of the century and links it to consumerist ideology. 223 Birken, Lawrence. "Darwin and Gender." SOCIAL CONCEPT 4, no.1 (1987): 75-88. 224 Blackwell, Elizabeth. THE LAWS OF LIFE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF GIRLS. 1852: New York: Garland, 1986 225 Bleier, Ruth. "Science and Medicine in the Social Construction of Woman: From Aristotle to the Corpus Callosum." TRANSACTIONS AND STUDIES OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA 9 (1987): 267-288. 226 Bodemer, Charles W. "Historical Interpretations of the Human Uterus and Cervix Uteri." In THE BIOLOGY OF THE CERVIX, ed. Richard J. Blandau and Karman Moghissi, pp.1-11. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. 227 Bridgforth, L.R. "The Sociology of Science: Women and Medicine in Nineteenth Century Mississippi." JOURNAL OF THE MISSISSIPPI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 26, no.1 (January 1985): 9-13. 228 Brown, Julie Vail. "Female Sexuality and Madness in Russian Culture: Traditional Values and Psychiatric Theory." SOCIAL RESEARCH 53, no.2 (1986): 369-385. 229 Brumberg, Joan Jacobs. "Chlorotic Girls, 1870-1920: A Historical Perspective on Female Adolescence." CHILD DEVELOPMENT 53 (1982): 1468-1477. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.186-195. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. 230 Bullough, Vern L. "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 62, no.1 (1988): 74-89. 231 Bullough, Vern L. SEX, SOCIETY, AND HISTORY. New York: Science History Publications, 1976. 232 Bullough, Vern L., and Bullough, Bonnie. SIN, SICKNESS, AND SANITY: A HISTORY OF SEXUAL ATTITUDES. New York: Garland, 1977. 233 Burton, June K., and Johnson, Mary. "The Contents of Humanistic Manuals of Home Economics and Sex During the Napoleonic Era." CONSORTIUM ON REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE 1750-1850: Proceedings 1983: 681-696. Instructional manuals for French women on household management, childrearing, health, sex, and care of livestock provide insights into views of womanhood and the family during the Napoleonic era. 234 Burton, June K. "Human Rights Issues Affecting Women in Napoleonic Legal Medicine Textbooks." HISTORY OF EUROPEAN IDEAS 8, no.4/5 (1987): 427-434. 235 Cadden, Joan. "It Takes All Kinds: Sexuality and Gender Differences in Hildegard of Bingen's BOOK OF COMPOUND MEDICINE." TRADITIO 40 (1984): 149-174. 236 Cadden, Joan. THE MEANINGS OF SEX DIFFERENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES: MEDICINE, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, AND CULTURE. 1992. 237 Carlson, Eric T. "The History of Multiple Personality in the United States: Mary Reynolds and Her Subsequent Reputation." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 58 (Spring 1984): 72-82. 238 Castle, Terry. "The Female Thermometer." REPRESENTATIONS 17 (1987): 1-27. On measuring emotions in the 18th century. 239 Cayleff, Susan E. "`Prisoners of Their Own Feebleness': Women, Nerves and Western Medicine -- A Historical Overview." SOCIAL SCIENCE MEDICINE 26, no.12 (1988): 1199-1208. 240 Cayleff, Susan E. "She Was Rendered Incapacitated by Menstrual Difficulties: Historical Perspectives on Perceived Intellectual and Physiological Impairment Among Menstruating Women." In MENSTRUAL HEALTH IN WOMEN'S LIVES, ed. Alice J. Dan & Linda L. Lewis, pp.229-235. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 241 Chauncey, George, Jr. "From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: Medicine and the Changing Conceptualization of Female Diseases." SALMAGUNDI 58/59 (Fall/Winter 1983): 114-146. 242 Chesler, Phyllis. WOMEN AND MADNESS. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972. 243 Clarke, Adele E. "Women's Health: Life-Cycle Issues." In WOMEN, HEALTH, AND MEDICINE IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL HANDBOOK, ed. by Rima D. Apple, pp.3-39. New York: Garland, 1990. 244 Cody, Lisa. "The Doctor's in Labor; or a New Whim Wham from Guildford." GENDER & HISTORY 4, no.2 (Summer 1992): 175-196. Analysis of reactions from a physician and the general public in 1726 to a report of a British woman giving birth to five rabbits. 245 Cohen, Alfred. "Prophecy and Madness: Women Visionaries During the Puritan Revolution." JOURNAL OF PSYCHOHISTORY 11 (Winter 1984): 411-430. 246 Cohen, Estelle. "Medical Debates on Woman's `Nature' in England Around 1700." SOCIETY FOR THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE BULLETIN 39 (1986): 7-11. 247 Connelly, Mark Thomas. "Prostitution, Venereal Disease, and American Medicine." In WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt, pp.196-221. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. 248 Conway, Jill. "Stereotypes of Femininity in a Theory of Evolution." In SUFFER AND BE STILL: WOMEN IN THE VICTORIAN AGE, ed. Martha Vicinus, pp.140-154. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1972. Traces the intellectual legacy of Scottish biologist Patrick Geddes, author of THE EVOLUTION OF SEX, 1889. Originally appeared in VICTORIAN STUDIES 14, no.1 (September 1970): 47-62. 249 Cott, Nancy F. "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850." SIGNS 4, no.2 (Winter 1978): 219-236. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.57-69. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. 250 Crawford, Patricia. "Attitudes to Menstruation in Seventeenth-Century England." PAST & PRESENT 91 (1981): 47-73. 251 D'Emilio, John, and Freedman, Estelle B. INTIMATE MATTERS: A HISTORY OF SEXUALITY IN AMERICA. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. 252 Davis, Dona L. "George Beard and Lydia Pinkham: Gender, Class, and Nerves in Late 19th Century America." HEALTH CARE FOR WOMEN INTERNATIONAL 10, 2/3 (1989): 93-114. Discusses the feminization of nervous disorders. 253 Dean-Jones, Lesley. "The Cultural Construct of the Female Body in Classical Greek Science." In WOMEN'S HISTORY AND ANCIENT HISTORY, ed. Sarah B. Pomeroy, pp.111-137. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 254 Dean-Jones, Lesley. "Menstrual Bleeding According to the Hippocratics and Aristotle." TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 119 (1989): 177-192. 255 Decker, Hannah S. "Freud and Dora: Constraints on Medical Progress." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 14 (Spring 1981): 445-464. 256 Degler, Carl N. "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century." AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 79, no.4 (December 1974): 1467-1490. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp. 40-56. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. 257 DeRocher, Gregory. "The Trouble with Women: Some Medical Musings from 16th-Century France." RENAISSANCE PAPERS (1987): 39-47. 258 Digby, Anne. "Women's Biological Straitjacket." In SEXUALITY AND SUBORDINATION: INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES OF GENDER IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, ed. Susan Mendus & Jane Rendall, pp.192-220. London: Routledge, 1989. Examines Georgian and Victorian British gynaecological and psychiatric texts and their assumptions about middle-class women. 259 Duffin, Lorna. "The Conspicuous Consumptive: Woman as Invalid." In THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY WOMAN: HER CULTURE AND PHYSICAL WORLD, ed. Sara Delamont and Lorna Duffin, pp.26-56. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1978. 260 Dwyer, Ellen. "The Weaker Vessel: Legal Versus Social Reality in Mental Commitments in Nineteenth Century New York." In WOMEN AND THE LAW: THE SOCIAL HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, vol.1, WOMEN AND THE CRIMINAL LAW, ed. by D. Kelly Weisberg. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1982. 261 Easlea, Brian. WITCH HUNTING, MAGIC, AND THE NEW PHILOSOPHY : AN INTRODUCTION TO DEBATES OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, 1450-1750. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1980. Begins to develop the theme of "the `male female relation' and its relevance to an understanding of the general development and application of scientific knowledge" - from preface. 262 Ehrenreich, Barbara, and English, Deirdre. COMPLAINTS AND DISORDERS: THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF SICKNESS. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1973. 263 Ehrenreich, Barbara, and English, Deirdre. FOR HER OWN GOOD: 150 YEARS OF THE EXPERTS' ADVICE TO WOMEN. New York: Doubleday, 1979. See especially chapter 2, "Witches, Healers, and Gentlemen Doctors," chapter 3, "Science and the Ascent of the Experts," and chapter 4, "The Sexual Politics of Sickness." 264 Endres, Kathleen L. "`Strictly Confidential': Birth-Control Advertising in a 19th-Century City." JOURNALISM QUARTERLY 63, no.4 (1986): 748-751. 265 Evans, Martha Noel. FITS AND STARTS: A GENEALOGY OF HYSTERIA IN MODERN FRANCE. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991. 266 Fee, Elizabeth. "Nineteenth-Century Craniology: The Study of the Female Skull." BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 53, no.3 (Fall 1979): 415-433. 267 Fee, Elizabeth. "Science and the Woman Problem: Historical Perspectives." In SEX DIFFERENCES: SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES, ed. Michael S. Teitelbaum, pp.175-223. New York: Doubleday, 1976. Women as viewed through the lens of biology, anthropology, physiology, and psychology in the Victorian era and early 20th century. 268 Fellman, Anita C., and Fellman, Michael. MAKING SENSE OF THE SELF: MEDICAL ADVICE LITERATURE IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. 269 Figbie, Karl. "Chlorosis and Chronic Disease in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Social Constitution of Somatic Illness in a Capitalist Society." SOCIAL HISTORY 3 (May 1978): 167-197. 270 Furth, Charlotte. "Blood, Body and Gender: Medical Images of the Female Condition in China, 1600-1850." CHINESE SCIENCE 7 (1986): 43-66. 271 Gamble, Eliza Burt. THE SEXES IN SCIENCE AND HISTORY. New York: Putnam, 1916. An argument for "the superiority of the female organism" drawing on evolutionary theory, theories of prehistoric social organization, and historical fact. Repr. Westport, CT: Hyperion, 1976. 272 "The Gendered Brain: Some Historical Perspectives." In SO HUMAN A BRAIN: KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES IN THE NEUROSCIENCES, ed. Anne Harrington, pp.110-121. Boston: Birk user Press, 1992. 273 Gibson, Mary. "On the Insensitivity of Women - Science and the Woman Question in Liberal Italy, 1890-1910." JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HISTORY 2 (Fall 1990): 11-41. 274 Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan. THE MADWOMAN IN THE ATTIC. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979. 275 Gilman, Sander L. SEXUALITY: AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. New York: John Wiley, 1989. 276 Gilman, Sander L. DIFFERENCES AND PATHOLOGY: STEREOTYPES OF SEXUALITY, RACE, AND MADNESS. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. 277 Goldstein, Jan. "The Hysteria Diagnosis and the Politics of Anticlericalism in Late Nineteenth-Century France." JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 54, no.2 (June 1982): 209-239. Part of special issue on "Sex, Science, and Society in Modern France." 278 Gosling, F.G., and Ray, Joyce M. "The Right to Be Sick: American Physicians and Nervous Patients, 1885-1910." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 20 (1986): 251-267. 279 Gould, Stephen Jay. "Women's Brains." NEW SCIENTIST 80, no.1127 (November 2, 1978): 364-366. 280 Green, Monica. "Female Sexuality in the Medieval West." TRENDS IN HISTORY 4, no.4 (1990): 127-158. 281 Griffin, Susan. WOMAN AND NATURE: THE ROARING INSIDE HER. New York: Harper & Row, 1978. Exploration of Western patriarchal attitudes toward the natural world and toward women, who are perceived as closer to nature than are men. 282 Hall, Diana Long. "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s." PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM 5, no.1/2 (1973): 81-96. 283 Haller, John S., and Haller, Robin. THE PHYSICIAN AND SEXUALITY IN VICTORIAN AMERICA. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974. 284 Hanson, Ann Ellis. "Hippocrates: Diseases of Women I." SIGNS 1, no.2 (Winter 1975): 567-584. Translation with commentary. 285 Hawkins, Joellen W., and Aber, Cynthia S. "The Content of Advertisements in Medical Journals: Distorting the Image of Women." WOMEN AND HEALTH 14, no.2 (1988): 43-59. 286 Herndl, Diane Price. INVALID WOMEN: FIGURING FEMININE ILLNESS IN AMERICAN FICTION AND CULTURE, 1840-1940. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. 287 Herndl, Diane Price. "The Writing Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna O., and `Hysterical' Writing." NWSA JOURNAL 1 (Autumn 1988): 52-74. 288 Horowitz, Maryanne Cline. "Aristotle and Woman." JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 9, no.2 (Fall 1976): 183-213. Reveals Aristotle's biological and political sexism. For another viewpoint, see Johannes Morsink, "Was Aristotle's Biology Sexist?," JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 12, no.1 (Spring 1979): 83-112. 289 Hughes, Beryl. "Archives-`Their Best Aptitudes'--Girls' Education and the Tenth Australasian Medical Congress, 1914." WOMEN'S STUDIES JOURNAL [New Zealand] 7 (November 1991): 66-76. 290 Jacoby, Robin Miller. "Science and Sex Roles in the Victorian Era." In BIOLOGY AS A SOCIAL WEAPON, ed. Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, pp.58-68. Minneapolis: Burgess, 1977. Examines the "mutually reinforcing relationship" between biological theory and ideology on sex roles in the nineteenth century. 291 Jacquart, Danielle, and Thomasset, Claude, and Adamson, Matthew, trans. SEXUALITY AND MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. 292 Jecker, Nancy S., and Self, Donnie J. "Separating Care and Cure: An Analysis of Historical and Contemporary Images of Nursing and Medicine." JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 16 (1991): 285-306. 293 Jones, Kathleen W. "Sentiment and Science: The Late Nineteenth Century Pediatrician as Mother's Advisor." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 17 (Fall 1983): 79-96. 294 Jordanova, Ludmilla J. "Natural Facts: A Historical Perspective on Science and Sexuality." NATURE, CULTURE, AND GENDER, ed. Carol P. MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern, pp.42-69. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980. 295 Keller, Evelyn Fox. "Baconian Science: A Hermaphroditic Birth." PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM 11, no.3 (Spring 1980): 299-308. Examines the use of gender in Francis Bacon's metaphors for the scientific impulse. 296 Kern, Louis J. AN ORDERED LOVE: SEX ROLES AND SEXUALITY IN VICTORIAN UTOPIAS-THE SHAKERS, THE MORMONS, AND THE ONEIDA COMMUNITY. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1981. 297 King, Charles R. "Parallels Between Neurasthenia and Premenstrual Syndrome." WOMEN AND HEALTH 4 (1989): 1-23. 298 Klein, Viola. THE FEMININE CHARACTER: HISTORY OF AN IDEOLOGY. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1946. See chapter 3, "The Biological Approach: Havelock Ellis." 299 Kushner, Howard I. "Women and Suicide in Historical Perspective." SIGNS 10 (Spring 1985): 537-552. 300 LaFollette, Marcel C. "Eyes on the Stars: Images of Women Scientists in Popular Magazines." SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN VALUES 13 (1988): 262-275. Describes U.S. magazines from 1910-1955. 301 Laqueur, Thomas. MAKING SEX: BODY AND GENDER FROM THE GREEKS TO FREUD. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. 302 Lastinger, Valerie Cretaux. "Word of Mouth, Word of Womb: Denis Diderot and Hysterical Discourse." WOMEN'S STUDIES QUARTERLY 21 (1992): 131-142. 303 Laurence, Anne. "Women's Psychological Disorders in 17th-century Britain." CURRENT ISSUES IN WOMEN'S HISTORY, ed. Arina Angerman et al. London: Routledge, 1989. 304 Lemay, Helen. "Women and the Literature of Obstetrics and Gynecology." MEDIEVAL WOMEN AND THE SOURCES OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY, ed. Joel T. Rosenthal, pp.189-209. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990. 305 Lewin, Miriam, ed. IN THE SHADOW OF THE PAST: PSYCHOLOGY PORTRAYS THE SEXES. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. 306 Lewontin, R. C., Rose, Steven, and Kamin, Leon J. NOT IN OUR GENES: BIOLOGY, IDEOLOGY, AND HUMAN NATURE. New York: Pantheon, 1984. 307 Lingo, Alison K. "Empirics and Charlatans in Early Modern France: the Genesis of the Classification of the `Other' in Medical Practice." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 19 (Summer 1986): 583-604. 308 Longino, Helen, and Doell, Ruth. "Body, Bias, and Behavior: A Comparative Analysis of Reasoning in Two Areas of Biological Science." SIGNS 9, no.2 (Winter 1983): 206-227. Looks at evolutionary studies and endocrinological research. Repr. in SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, pp.165-186. Ed. by Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. 309 Lunbeck, Elizabeth. "`A New Generation of Women': Progressive Psychiatrists and the Hypersexual Female." FEMINIST STUDIES 13 (Fall 1987): 513-543.
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